As the module begins, students use a globe to assess geological and atmospheric patterns on the earth that may be related to storms, earthquakes, volcanoes, and other catastrophic events. Then, students investigate the causes and effects of thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. They also analyze methods of monitoring and forecasting these events.

Concepts include local and global heating, convection in the air, the water cycle and cloud formation, air pressure, and weather maps. The second part of the unit focuses on wave motion, earthquake data, and the factors that cause earthquakes. Plate motion and the structure of the earth are introduced in the context of plate tectonics. The section concludes with students designing and building model structures that can reduce the risks associated with earthquakes.

In the last section, students simulate the movement and effects of magma and lava on land formation, investigate viscosity and crystallization, and examine igneous rocks and volcanic ash. The activity "Comparing Catastrophic Events" and the culminating activity on the risks associated with natural hazards integrates the concepts of the module.

Trainer Tips:

• Oil the convection tube spout to aid in getting the tubing on and off

Additional Photos

Catastrophic Events Lesson Sequence (pdf)

Supplemental Literacy Lists

Teacher Recommended Resources